Solvation properties of ubiquinone-10 in solvents of different polarity

The solvation properties of ubiquinone-10 and ubiquinol-10 in a wide variety of solvents of polarity varying from alkanes to water are reported. Greatest solubility is observed in solvents of intermediate polarity and particularly where low polarity is combined with a pronounced tendency to interact with the benzoquinone substituent of the ubiquinone molecule. This includes solvents like chloroform and benzene. Ubiquinone-10 is somewhat less polar than ubiquinol-10 as judged by comparative solubilities of the two molecules. Proton-NMR chemical shift measurements and aggregation studies in selected solvents indicate that in ubiquinone-10 in the liquid phase and in solution in hydrocarbons like dodecane the molecules have a preferred association possibly involving stacking of the benzoquinone rings. Surface balance studies indicated that the surface-active character of ubiquinone-10 is relatively weak and only in a comparatively polar and highly structured solvent, formamide, was there evidence of an effect on surface tension of the solvent. The critical micelle concentratiom in this solvent was estimated to be about 5 M on the basis of surface tension measurements. Ubiquinone-10 is well known to form virtually insoluble monolayers at the air/water interface. Studies of the partition of ubiquinone-10 in binary mixtures of solvents suggest that the interaction of the benzoquinone ring substituent with structured polar solvents is considerably weaker than the internal cohesion between molecules of the solvent. No evidence on the basis of wide-angle X-ray diffraction measurements was obtained to indicate that solvent molecules were a component of the crystal lattice of ubiquinone-10 that had precipitated from solvent mixtures.     

Expression by human fetal organs of organ-specific cancer neoantigens as measured by leukocyte adherence inhibition

Summary Human cancers express organ-specific cancer neoantigens (OSN) as determined by in vitro leukocyte responses to extracts of cancers by the tumor host. In this study, we determined whether the OSNs were normal developmental proteins that were expressed by fetal organs and re-expressed with oncogenesis. Fetal extracts, principally of lung and colon but also of liver and kidney, were tested for their ability to induce leukocyte adherence inhibition (LAI) as compared to extracts from adult tissues of the same organ. Leukocytes from lung cancer patients showed positive LAI responses to 13- and 19-week fetal lung tissue. Likewise, leukocytes from colon cancer patients showed positive LAI responses to 14- and 19-week fetal colon tissue, whereas leukocytes from control subjects did not. Neither group responded positively to 21-week fetal organs. Criss-cross experiments showed that the fetal antigen was organ specific. Multiparous pregnant women showed positive LAI responses to cancer extracts but not to extracts from normal tissues of the same organ. The pattern of the LAI response was bell-shaped. Positive LAI responses to lung and breast cancer were detected at 4 to 7 months gestation and peaked at 5 months. To the fetal colon, LAI positive responses were detected at 5 to 8 months gestation, with the peak response at 6 months. The results indicate that OSN of cancers are also expressed by fetal organs and sufficient antigen is shed by fetal organs to sensitize pregnant women. Older fetal organs (21 weeks) and adult organs do not express an immunogenic or antigenic OSN.Supported by a grant from the National Cancer Institute of Canada     

Structural characteristics and innervation of chromaffin tissue in the adrenal gland of the axolotl

Each adrenal gland of the Axolotl consists of a strip lying all along the medio-lateral edge on the ventral surface of the kidney. The gland is composed of interrenal cells (IC) and chromaffin cells (CC). The IC contained a great number of pleomorphic lipid droplets, smooth endoplasmic reticulum and elongated mitochondria with tubulo-vesicular cristae. Two types of CC, always disposed in clusters and exhibiting long cytoplasmic processes were described according to the electron density, size and shape of granules distributed in their cytoplasm; noradrenaline cells (NA) and adrenaline cells (A). The innervation and ultrastructural differences from the adrenal gland of other Anurans were discussed.     

Spectral studies of the Ca2+-dependent interaction of trifluoperazine with S100b

S100b is a calcium-binding protein that will bind to many calmodulin target molecules in a Ca²⁺-dependent manner. In order to study the Ca²⁺-dependent binding properties of S100b, its interaction with a calmodulin antagonist, trifluoperazine (TFP), was investigated using [¹⁹F]- and [¹H]-NMR and UV-difference spectroscopy. It was estimated from [¹⁹F]-NMR that in the absence of Ca²⁺, thek _1/2 value of TFP was 130 µM, while itsk _1/2 value decreased to 28 µM in the presence of Ca²⁺. The addition of KCl was not antagonistic to the Ca²⁺-dependent interaction of TFP to S100b. The chemical exchange rate of TFP with Ca²⁺-bound S100b was estimated to be 9×10² sec^?1. By comparison with TFP-calmodulin exchange rates, it is suggested that the TFP-binding site on S100b is structurally different from its binding sites on calmodulin. Proton NMR resonance broadening in the range 6.8–7.2 ppm, corresponding to phenylalanine nuclei of S100b, indicates that these residues may be involved in TFP binding. Addition of Ca²⁺ to a 1:1 mixture of S100b and TFP resulted in a red-shifted UV-difference spectrum, while no significant difference spectrum was detected when Mg²⁺ was added to a S100b-TFP solution. Thus, we suggest that Ca²⁺ induces the exposure of a hydrophobic domain on S100b containing one or more phenylalanine residues that will bind TFP but that this domain is different from the hydrophobic domain on calmodulin.     

Clinical and biochemical studies in three patients with severe early infantile Cockayne syndrome

Summary We present clinical and biochemical data from three patients with severe Cockayne syndrome (CS) of very early onset. Unlike in classic CS, signs became evident in the first weeks of life and led to unusually early death. Fibroblasts from two of the patients showed a complete defect of the repair of UV-induced thymine dimer lesions. They were unable to remove thymine dimer lesions from their DNA, had a severe reduction of the RNA synthesis rates after UV irradiation, and showed no reactivation of an UV-inactivated indicator gene and no DNA recondensation after UV irradiation. DNA repair investigated in these two fibroblast cell strains resembled that of xeroderma pigmentosum cells of complementation group A. In contrast, fibroblasts from the third patient showed the same in vitro repair characteristics as classic CS cells.     

The role of secreted acid hydrolases in the utilization of complex nutrients byTetrahymena

In an attempt to extend our knowledge of the biology of feeding of the ciliateTetrahymena thermophila, this organism was grown axenically on complex organic material. The nutrient substrate was based on autoclaved wheat grains and adjusted to either pH 5.5 or 7.5. In wild type cultures the cells grew and multiplied only under acidic conditions. In cultures of a mutant cell line blocked in the secretion of acid hydrolases the cells did not grow at either pH value. Thus released acid hydrolases may play a key role in the utilization of complex nutrients in combination with uptake of small organic molecules. Mechanisms in the feeding biology ofTetrahymena thermophila andParamecium tetraurelia are compared.     

Phenology of Festuca pallescens in relation to topography in north-western Patagonia

Abstract. The phenological changes in populations of Festuca pallescens (St. Yves) Parodi at different topographic positions and exposure along an altitudinal gradient (600 - 1100 m) were investigated during two growing seasons in northwestern Patagonia. Stepwise multiple regression analysis was used to describe the relationship between phenology and environment during the entire growing season. Analysis of variance was also performed at each sample date to detect significant environmental factors influencing phenology at different sites. The sum of maximum air temperatures was identified as the environmental variable best correlated with the seasonal variation of phenological events of Festuca pallescens over the period of two growing seasons, explaining 93.2 % of the total variance. Significant differences between sites were observed at each sample date. Main effects of altitude and topographic position and two-way interactions between altitude and topographic position, and topographic position and exposure were also detected as significant. Phenology was delayed at increased altitude. Differences in phenology between topographic sites at the same altitude were not detected during the entire growing season and were only observed in the reproductive phase. At this time, the phenology was significantly delayed at high topographic positions on the slopes as compared with low and mid positions. At high altitudes in the valley (950 m a. s. 1.), where steep slopes and humid conditions prevail, phenology was delayed on western exposures and low positions. The results adequately summarize and quantify the effect of spatial and temporal environmental variation on the phenological development of Festuca pallescens in northwestern Patagonia.